Educazione interculturale https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/ <strong>Educazione interculturale (<em>Intercultural Education</em>) – ISSN 2420-8175</strong> is a scientific, interdisciplinary, open access journal, with the aim of putting into dialogue critical essays, empirical and applied experiences related to the issues of cultural and gender differences, migration, discrimination and inclusion in multicultural contexts. Dipartimento di Scienze Dell’Educazione «Giovanni Maria Bertin» - Università di Bologna en-US Educazione interculturale 2420-8175 <p>The copyrights of all the texts on this journal belong to the respective authors without restrictions.</p><div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img src="https://licensebuttons.net/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" /></a></div><p>This journal is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">full legal code</a>). <br /> See also our <a href="/about/editorialPolicies#openAccessPolicy">Open Access Policy</a>.</p> The impact of armed conflict on school education https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16970 <p>Armed conflict has a damaging effect on the lives of children and young people and affects their school education and future possibilities. This creates a serious challenge to the exercise of the human right for education and the achievement of a number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) – notably SDG 4, education for all, and SDG 5, gender equality. This paper examines the effects of armed conflict by discussing school closures, or partial closures, internal and external displacement, child soldiers, the <em>six grave violations</em> and the education of girls during armed conflict. The paper concludes with a discussion that argues that the policy of protection promoted by the United Nations is one that should be supported but there are other dimensions that also have to be considered: a more nuanced conceptualisation of childhood and a greater awareness and understanding of the child’s lived experience and agency, the protection of children to be ensured in ceasefire and peace agreements and implementation of strategies to protect children from the effects of war and the enforcement of legal measures and political sanctions that can be used to hold to account the perpetrators of the abuse of children in armed conflict.</p> Stephen J. McKinney Jennifer Farrar Copyright (c) 2023 Stephen J. McKinney, Jennifer Farrar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 1 10 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16970 Building peace through education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16977 <p>The education system of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is facing multiple challenges that are related to the situation of severe poverty affecting the population, the lack of public funding, the low quality of learning, class overcrowding and high illiteracy rates. The situation is worsened and at the same time caused by the situation of ongoing armed conflict and violence which have been affecting the country since its independence. While the connections between education and conflict are often difficult to disentangle, education can play a key role in creating a more equitable system where peace and inclusion are favoured, thus protecting the most vulnerable. According to latest available estimates, however, the promotion of peace and citizenship education programmes and manuals remains still a challenge in the DRC. The paper presents the <em>Maison de paix</em> experience - a project of international cooperation in the field of education promoted by an Italian association in Kikwit, in the western region of the DRC. It underlines the important role of participatory educational governance and teacher training, as a way to promote justice, solidarity and inclusion which are fundamental values in peace education.</p> Rita Locatelli Copyright (c) 2023 Rita Locatelli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 11 17 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16977 «Once upon a wartime…», a pedagogical lesson of Angelo Patri (1876-1965) https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16975 <p>As a means to inform contemporary discourse on education in emergency contexts, it can be useful to consider the experiences of the past in times of crisis. Angelo Patri (1876-1965), an Italian-American teacher and school principal, was able to converge his pedagogical thinking and experience in the formulation of concrete answers to the families affected by World War II. <em>Your Children in Wartime</em> (1943) is a skillful work on the necessary roles of the school, family, community, and even the children themselves, in the growth path during times of conflict and confusion. As such, it still provides an excellent manual for teachers of our current days, as they attempt to cope with these extraordinary times in their own careers and in their public service. The current essay returns to the historical period of Patri’s writing, elaborating on the basic principles expressed in his volume <em>Your Children in Wartime</em>.</p> Carmen Petruzzi Copyright (c) 2023 Carmen Petruzzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 18 28 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16975 The school in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the wars in the Balkans. Processes of conflict and peace in education https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/17034 <p>The Dayton Accords (1995) officially marked the end of wars in the Balkans, but the situation of political fragmentation and ethnic hatred resulting from the conflict continued to be present in the social context. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, school policy is a result of hatred that flared up in the years of conflict. Bosnia and Herzegovina was a multicultural territory before the war, in which Muslim, Serbian and Croatian communities coexisted peacefully. Since 1995, Bosnia represents a case of pacification accomplished through the international diplomacy, but which has materialized in a division of internal borders. <em>Two schools under one roof</em> is the title of a project that was conceived in the post-war period, in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This model provides the separation of students on an ethnic and religious basis: different programs are adopted in the various classes, depending on the <em>enclave</em> to which they belong to; in this context of growing conflict expressed in educational policies, attempts to meet and dialogue are built by students and civil population.</p> Luca Bravi Copyright (c) 2023 Luca Bravi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 29 36 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/17034 Restorative nostalgia, identity closures, conflicts and divisions https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16972 <p>Nostalgia is a complex emotion produced by the individual and collective processes of remembering. Svetlana Boym distinguishes between reflective nostalgia, regarding the personal reactions to the passing of time, and restorative nostalgia, which acts on the collective level in response to the need to look at the past, that is presented in rigid and immutable forms and is considered a constitutive value of the present. Restorative nostalgia feeds nationalistic revivals and processes of historical revisionism and proselytism around hate speeches, based on retrotopies that, in the face of the insecurities and the crisis movements of the present time, paint a more flourishing past, in which life was easier, sheltered from the problems brought by globalization and the greater permeability of national borders. The popularity and consensus obtained in Italy, Sweden, and other European countries by nationalist parties, as well as the rhetoric of patriotism expressed by Vladimir Putin in support of his war action in Ukraine, are the most striking manifestations of a culture of identity closure, of fear, suspicion and opposition that has recently found expression also in the no vax and conspiracy movements. Hence the need for pedagogical reflection and educational interventions that know how to act on the mechanisms of presentisation of the past and identity closure, to educate to openness and not to be afraid of fragility and weaknesses.</p> Federico Zannoni Copyright (c) 2023 Federico Zannoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 37 45 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16972 Dealing with polarization in schools: reflective and deliberative practices https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16973 <p>Polarization and various extremist movements are on the rise and young people’s exposure to propaganda, disinformation, racism and hate speech has increased (Benjamin <em>et al</em>., 2021). Not only the society tends to be more polarized, but there is mounting concern that social media sites contribute to it by creating <em>echo chambers</em> that insulate people from opposing views about current events (Bail <em>et al</em>., 2018; Kubin and von Sikorski, 2021). Since teachers are at the forefront of these trends, they get to witness and address first-hand the effects and consequences that the various polarized ideologies may have on youth. Therefore, developing a global perspective that allows students to participate in an interconnected world, understand different viewpoints, learn to dialogue, value other cultures, and benefit from interculturality has become the objectives of world educational policy (Azqueta and Menino Arribas, 2020). The aim of this paper is to discuss the topic of polarization and then focus on two socio-pedagogical frameworks that are useful in this field: deliberative theory and reflexive practices.</p> Claudio Melacarne Marina Slavutzky Copyright (c) 2023 Claudio Melacarne, Marina Slavutzky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 46 57 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16973 Education for racism through adultcentrism: necropolitics and the Black children https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/17035 <p>In Brazil, the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, the effects of colonization reverberate in the insurgence of a necropolitics that directly affects Black youth and children. According to the Brazilian Forum of Public Safety, between the years of 2016 and 2020, 35 thousand people from 0 to 17 years old were killed in violent ways. In 2021, around 7 children or teenagers were victims of lethal violence per day. For such, the text updated the condition of contemporary necropolitics considering its colonizing genealogy, having as central axis the comprehension of&nbsp;«<em><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">the complex of Miguel Otávio</span></em><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">»</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">,</span>&nbsp;(Souza and Carvalho, 2022, p. 7)&nbsp;as the capacity whether rational or not, conscious or unconscious, of adultcentrism to banalize the risks to which children are submitted, to the point of dying in gratuitous, stupid, violent, irresponsible and negligent forms. Considering examples such as Miguel Otávio Santana, who was 4 years old and was killed due to infant abandonment, and João Pedro Mattos, who was 14 years old and was shot by the police with a rifle, both cases taking place in the most rigid period of the COVID-19 quarantine<em><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">,</span></em>&nbsp;it is possible to understand that such processes educate the Brazilian society to treat differences as a synonym to inequalities and that adultcentrism is key in the composition of the Brazilian racism that sustains the death of Black children.</p> Ellen de Lima Souza Thaís Mariê Camargo Sena Copyright (c) 2023 Ellen de Lima Souza, Thaís Mariê Camargo Sena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 58 72 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/17035 Between social reproduction and new inequalities: the role of school leaders in guaranteeing equity https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16976 <p>Italian school is far from being that <em>great equalizer</em> enshrined in the Constitution. Social reproduction is still active, with the classic causes of inequality (socioeconomic and sociocultural status) regaining strength. Non-traditional factors of inequality produced by schools themselves are also emerging. School leaders have a key role in breaking these dynamics, also due to school autonomy. Thanks to issue-aware governance and distributed leadership, they can develop school policies with the entire school community that avoid distorting equity effects.</p> Valerio Ferrero Copyright (c) 2023 Valerio Ferrero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 73 84 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16976 Including minorities in education: from access to the perspective of participation in decision-making processes. Reflections and challenges https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16974 <p>The inclusion of minorities in educational contexts requires further reflection on how to manage the processes that determine policies, investments, and best practices. The participation of minorities at all levels of the decision-making processes is crucial to achieving effective inclusion, in order to emancipate them from the reductive view of integration or mere access. In the present-day scenario, it is important and necessary to focus on who holds a key power role in transforming and changing the outcomes of participation in decision-making processes: policy-makers and decision-makers. They are the ones who have the power to decide at various levels. The aim of this paper is to reflect on some key aspects that can pave the way to the participation of minorities in decision-making processes. In the first part of the paper, the concept of participation and its applications in decision-making processes will be discussed to outline rigorous theoretical frameworks. In the second part, the focus will shift onto how scientific research can support policy-makers and decision-makers in meeting the challenge of building participatory decision-making processes.</p> Cristina Balloi Copyright (c) 2023 Cristina Balloi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 85 99 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16974 Education in a world of conflict and division https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/17038 <p>The introductory essay frames the monographic section of this volume, which investigates the theme of the challenges that face education in situations of conflict and division in the contemporary world. Armed conflict has caused devastation in the past year in Ukraine and, over a longer period of time, in other parts of the world, notably Afghanistan, Syria and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The articles in this special edition encompass a number of important topics concerning the profound effect these armed conflicts have on the lives of children and young people and their school education.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Stephen J. McKinney Federico Zannoni Copyright (c) 2023 Stephen J. McKinney, Federico Zannoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 I IV 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/17038 Roma families and teachers: gaining visibility and recognition through the implementation of socio-educational policies https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/15989 <p>One of the central issues of our age is early school leaving. In this paper it was decided to analyze to what extent early school leaving involves the Roma, one of the most marginalized social groups. The basic hypothesis, which has been advanced in close connection with the field research, is that the perception of the representations of Roma families and teachers can be mediated through an integrated planning, based on public-private partnership entrusted to the institutions and to the organizations present and active in the area, in order to guarantee the maintenance of individual and collective differences and by promoting mutual understanding. The aim of the research is to observe whether the effects of an integrated planning, where Roma are an active part, are useful for deconstructing that stereotype which feeds on cultural essentialities to justify marginalization and early school leaving. The EU in its 2019 report confirmed that more Roma children participate in early childhood and primary education (53% in 2016, compared to 47% in 2011). On the other hand, there are fewer premature abandonments (68% in 2016, and 87% in 2011). The research showed that integrated planning between Roma and the school community already represents an action of social integration, capable of enhancing and recognizing differences, while generating a decrease in dropouts and greater social inclusion.</p> Silvia Carbone Copyright (c) 2023 Silvia Carbone https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 100 116 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/15989 Islamic youth associations in Italy. Dimensions and practices of citizenship https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16152 <p>The essay presents an analysis of the definition and enactment of citizenship by second-generation Muslim youth, active members of Islamic youth associations in Italy, whose path to recognition as citizens is hindered at the institutional and social levels. Based on qualitative research conducted between 2020 and 2021, we analyze 28 individual interviews with young activists on which, on the one hand, we investigate the experiences of racist and Islamophobic discrimination that drive young people to mobilize in associations, and on the other hand, how they define the concept of citizenship. This concept is also delineated through the analysis of two recreational and playful events open to the entire population and promoted by one national association in particular, Giovani Musulmani d’Italia. Through the two events, conceived as practices of citizenship, an idea of belonging to the Italian context based on dialogue and mutual knowledge is shown, in an already multicultural and multireligious country, in which the young Muslim born and schooled person acts as a citizen, although without formal recognition.</p> Martina Crescenti Copyright (c) 2023 Martina Crescenti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 117 128 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16152 Interculturalism facing <em>real problems</em>. Educational research, otherness, conceptions and skin colour https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16699 <p>This paper stands in line with educational research on children’s conception of otherness through skin colour. The first part focuses on the epistemological context: it can be referred to the complexity paradigm and to a <em>pragmatic</em> approach of investigation, both aimed at confronting <em>real problems</em> such as the connection between colourism and racism. After considering some of the main research directions in this field, the second part articulates the construct of <em>conception</em> as the basis of the research framework. Finally, the third part describes the research design, the steps that led to the text stimulus outline, and what is in progress, looking for a constructive dialogue with other active processes in the national scientific community.</p> Luca Agostinetto Lisa Bugno Gaia Moretto Copyright (c) 2023 Luca Agostinetto, Lisa Bugno, Gaia Moretto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 129 139 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16699 What new welfare today? The consolidation of the pedagogical perspective of law 328/2000 through <em>inclusive</em> investment in the system of social and socio-educational services https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16978 <p>Law 328 of 2000, <em>Framework law for the creation of the integrated system of social interventions and services</em>, together with regional welfare, is an important point of reference for all professionals of the social and socio-educational system for inclusion and interculturality. It has represented and still represents, albeit with various critical issues, a multicultural model of development for the construction of a supportive, sustainable and participatory system in the planning and planning of educational and pedagogical opportunities. It has created a socio-educational culture closer to the people and the territory with a horizontal subsidiarity with a social and pedagogical value. The drive towards innovation of 328/00, however, has not unhinged a certain welfare and maleducational culture, not residual in certain territories and social contexts. Welfare policies, therefore, revive a cultural ferment and important change to which pedagogy can and must make its contribution in terms of educational and participatory practices, socio-pedagogical reflexivity and education professionals.</p> Michele Corriero Copyright (c) 2023 Michele Corriero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 140 149 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16978 Dialogo, cinema e letteratura, Riccardo Mazzeo e Nina Harriet Saarinen, Lecce, Pensa Multimedia, 2022 https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16979 Federico Zannoni Copyright (c) 2023 Federico Zannoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 150 152 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16979 L’intercultura in testa. Sguardo e rigore per l’agire educativo quotidiano, Luca Agostinetto, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2022 https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16980 Lisa Bugno Copyright (c) 2023 Lisa Bugno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 153 154 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16980 Intrecciando linguaggi, tessendo cammini. Il plurilinguismo per la scuola inclusiva, Paola Dusi, Marinella Majorano e Paolo Nitti, Bergamo, Edizioni Junior, 2022 https://educazione-interculturale.unibo.it/article/view/16981 Annamaria Lona Copyright (c) 2023 Annamaria Lona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2023-05-29 2023-05-29 21 1 155 157 10.6092/issn.2420-8175/16981